Guía para el diagnóstico, estudio y tratamiento de la infección urinaria: actualización 2022 / Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of urinary tract infections: 2022 update

En 2015 se publicaron en Archivos Argentinos de Pediatría las "Nuevas recomendaciones frente a las actuales controversias en infección urinaria". Dado que en estos años surgieron evidencias con respecto al diagnóstico, la forma de estudio y el tratamiento de la infección urinaria, el Comité de Nefrología Pediátrica de la Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría decidió actualizar dichas recomendaciones. El objetivo principal es brindar al pediatra las herramientas para realizar un correcto diagnóstico, definir el tratamiento más adecuado, seleccionar a los pacientes que se beneficiarán con la profilaxis antibiótica y decidir cuáles serán los estudios de imágenes necesarios, para evitar intervenciones costosas e invasivas. En estas guías se incluyen, además, los lineamientos para el manejo de niños con infecciones urinarias asociadas a situaciones especiales como la disfunción vesicointestinal, el recién nacido, los portadores de vejiga neurogénica, los receptores de trasplante renal y las infecciones urinarias micóticas.

In 2015, the "New recommendations regarding the current controversies in urinary infection" were published in the Archivos Argentinos de Pediatría. Given the fact that in these past years, new evidence has emerged regarding the diagnosis and treatment of urinary infection, the Pediatric Nephrology Committee of Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría has decided to update these recommendations. The main goal is to provide the pediatrician with the necessary tools to make a correct diagnosis, define the most appropriate treatment, select the patients who will benefit from antibiotic prophylaxis, and decide which imaging studies will be necessary, avoiding costly and invasive interventions. These guidelines also include the management of children with urinary tract infections associated with special situations such as: bladder bowel dysfunction, the newborn, children with neurogenic bladder, kidney transplant patients and fungal urinary tract infections.

Diferencias entre el Urocultivo Previo y el cultivo del Catéter doble J. Implicancias clínicas / DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PREVIOUS URINE CULTURE AND DOUBLE J CATHETER CULTURE. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

Las infecciones urinarias complicadas, dentro de las cuales se encuentran las asociadas a catéteres, son un hallazgo frecuente de la práctica clínica. Las complicaciones infecciosas después de los procedimientos urológicos son una fuente importante de morbimortalidad y consumen múltiples recursos sanitarios. La colonización bacteriana en el catéter ureteral juega un papel esencial en la patogénesis de la infección, y el uso de profilaxis antimicrobiana en urología es controvertido. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo fue evaluar la utilidad de la profilaxis antibiótica en la extracción del catéter doble J

Complicated urinary infections, among which are those associated with catheters, are a frequent finding in clinical practice. Infectious complications after urological procedures are an important source of morbidity and mortality and consume multiple healthcare resources. Bacterial colonization in the ureteral catheter plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of infection, and the use of antimicrobial prophylaxis in urology is controversial. Te objective of our work was to evaluate the usefulness of antibiotic prophylaxis in the extraction of the double J catheter

Homeopathic medicine activity on the growth of Gram-negative bacteria

Homeopathy is a therapy that uses medications prepared with infinitesimal and dynamized dilutions. Current studies demonstrate in vitro activity of homeopathy on gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureusand Streptococcus pyogenes. Among bacterial infections, urinary tract infection (UTI) is frequent, leads to later consequences and the main causal agent is Escherichia coli(E. coli). In other publications, it has been reported inactivity of homeopathy on E. colicultures. Due to the divergence in the literature, the objective of this study was to evaluate gram-negative bacteria growth under homeopathy treatment. Methods:The medicines Atropabelladona, Cantharis, Staphysagria,and Colibacillinumwere tested at 6CH, 12CH and 30CH inE. coliATCC 25922 and EPEC (Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli) ATCC 43887. Two hundred and fifty microliters of the medicines in alcohol 30% were incubated at 37ºC with 3 mL of Müller Hinton broth (MH), 10 µL of cultures at 0.5 Macfarland and subsequent dilution at 1/10. Bacterial growth was evaluated in a spectrophotometer at 600nm, in the periods of 6, 12,and 20 hours of incubation. Resultsand Discussion:The results showed no inhibition of bacterial growth under the studied conditions. These data corroborate with studies already published that indicate the absence of action of homeopathy on E. colicultures. Considering other studies, it can be suggested that homeopathic medicines have direct activity on the growth of Gram-positive and not Gram-negative bacteria. Evaluating the two bacterial groups, it is possible to assume that the difference in homeopathy activity could be linked to differences in the bacterial wall structure. This hypothesis should be evaluated by other tests with the same bacterialstrains. Conclusion:The homeopathic medicines tested have no direct activity on Gram-negative bacteria cultures.

Alternativas aos antibióticos na profilaxia das infecções urinárias recorrentes não complicadas na mulher / Alternatives to antibiotics in the prophylaxis of recurrent uncomplicated infections in women

A infecção do trato urinário (ITU) é a doença bacteriana mais comum no sexo feminino, e cerca de 25% a 30% das mulheres apresentam ITUs recorrentes ao longo da vida. Os antibióticos são muito utilizados para o tratamento e prevenção dessas infecções. Entretanto, o uso excessivo e indevido desses medicamentos, além dos efeitos adversos, está relacionado ao surgimento de uropatógenos multirresistentes. Há um interesse crescente na comunidade científica para encontrar alternativas ao uso de antibióticos para tratamento e/ou prevenção das infecções bacterianas. Esta revisão tem por objetivo discutir algumas dessas alternativas.(AU)

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common bacterial disease in females, and about 25% to 30% of women experience recurrent UTIs throughout their lives. Antibiotics are widely used standard for treating and preventing these infections. However, the excessive and improper use of these drugs, in addition to the adverse effects, is related to the emergence of multidrug-resistant uropathogens. There is a growing interest in the scientific community to find alternatives to the use of antibiotics for the treatment and/or prevention of bacterial infections. This review aims to discuss some of these alternatives.(AU)

Infecciones del tracto urinario en neonatos sin explicación. Hiperbilirrubinemia: Prevalencia y predictivo factores de riesgo / Urinary tract infections in unexplained neonatal hyperbilirubinemia: Prevalence and predictive risk factors

Introduction: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are widespread clinical disorder among early neonates. Neonates with UTIs were susceptible to higher rates of morbidity and mortality, particularly when presented with hyperbilirubinemia. Early diagnosis may help in complete recoveryrather than being threatened in terms of complications. The study aimed at determining the prevalence and predictive risk factors of UTIs in neonates with an unexplained hyperbilirubinemia. Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out in the NICU of Aswan University Hospital, Egypt from August 2018 to February 2019. The study was conducted on 140 newborns who were diagnosed with indirect hyperbilirubinemia in the first 4 weeks of life after exclusion of unrelated criteria. Demographic and clinical data were collected by an interview questionnaire. Biochemical markers including bilirubin level, CBC, urine analysis and urine cultures and sensitivity were determined. Results: The prevalence rate of UTIs in the studied newborns was 25%. Escherichia -coli was the dominant organism isolated. Amikacin was the most common antibiotic sensitive to the isolates. There was a significant difference between the UTI positive and negative neonates in the univariate analysis regarding some studied variables. While, an increase in the number of WBCs in the blood (OR = 6.90, P = 0.001), small for gestational age (OR = 4.07, P = 0.021), prolonged phototherapy (OR = 3.50, P = 0.034), and presence of maternal complications (OR = 2.92, P = 0.001) were statistically associated with a positive urine culture in multivariate analysis. Conclusions and recommendations: The prevalence rate of UTIs was 25%. The study indicated the importance of routine screening of UTI (urine culture) as part of the clinical assessment of unexplained hyperbilirubinemia in neonates with an increase in the number of WBCs in their blood, small for gestational age, prolonged duration of phototherapy, and neonates born from mothers who had a history of obstetric complications

Características epidemiológicas, clínicas y terapéuticas de la infección urinaria en pacientes diabéticos / Epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic characteristics of urinary infection in diabetic patients

Introducción: La infección urinaria en diabéticos constituye uno de los problemas importantes caracterizado por su unidad clínica y pluralidad etiológica. Objetivo: Generar conocimiento sobre las características, epidemiológicas, clínicas y terapéuticas de infección urinaria en diabéticos.. Materiales y métodos: Es un estudio descriptivo de búsqueda bibliografía y se ha realizado en Pubmed, Medline, Scielo, bibliotecas de universidades nacionales e internacionales. Resultados: El 40.74% de casos fueron varones y 59.26% mujeres. Los malos hábitos de higiene, la presencia de cálculos renales, un tiempo de enfermedad mayor de 10 años, vejiga neurogénica, uso de corticoides, infección urinaria previa están asociadas a infección urinaria en la población de diabéticos. Casi el 30% de los pacientes presentaron bacteriuria asintomática. El síntoma más frecuente fue la fiebre. Los síntomas presentes en el 75,7%. La incontinencia de esfuerzo 45.3%, de urgencia 40.6%, síntomas obstructivos 25%, irritativos 10.1%. Predominó Escherichia coli (57.41%), seguido de Enterobacter (8.33%) y Klebsiella pneumoniae (6.48%). La resistencia de E. coli fue elevada contra clindamicina, ácido nalidíxico, ácido pipemídico (100%) y cefuroxima (90.91%), amoxicilina clavulanato (81.25%), ampicilina (78.57%) y cefalotina (72.22%); buena sensibilidad para imipenem (76.92%), cefepime (72.73%), amikacina (72.41%), nitrofurantoína (70.37%), ceftriaxona (63.79%) y ceftazidima (61.11%). Conclusión: Las infecciones urinarias en los pacientes diabéticos son frecuentes y ocasionadas con más frecuencia por E. coli, con patrones de resistencia y sensibilidad que requieren medidas de intervención. La resistencia a los antibióticos se incrementa por el uso indiscriminado en pacientes con inadecuado control de su enfermedad. (AU)

Introduction: Urinary infection in diabetics is one of the important problems characterized by its clinical unit and etiological plurality. Objective: To generate knowledge about the characteristics, epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic of urinary infection in diabetics. Materials and methods: It is a descriptive study of literature search and has been carried out in Pubmed, Medline, Scielo, libraries of national and international universities. Results: 40.74% of cases were male and 59.26% female. Bad hygiene habits, the presence of kidney stones, a disease time of more than 10 years, neurogenic bladder, corticosteroid use, previous urinary infection is associated with urinary infection in the diabetic population. Almost 30% of the patients presented asymptomatic bacteriuria. The most frequent symptom was fever. The symptoms present in 75.7%. Stress incontinence 45.3%, emergency 40.6%, obstructive symptoms 25%, irritative 10.1%. Escherichia coli (57.41%) predominated, followed by Enterobacter (8.33%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (6.48%). The resistance of E. coli was high against clindamycin, nalidixic acid, pipemidic acid (100%) and cefuroxime (90.91%), amoxicillin clavulanate (81.25%), ampicillin (78.57%) and cephalothin (72.22%); Good sensitivity for imipenem (76.92%), cefepime (72.73%), amikacin (72.41%), nitrofurantoin (70.37%), ceftriaxone (63.79%) and ceftazidime (61.11%). Conclusions: Urinary infections in diabetic patients are frequent and more frequently caused by E. coli, with resistance and sensitivity patterns that require intervention measures. Antibiotic resistance is increased by indiscriminate use in patients with inadequate control of their disease. (AU)

Recomendaciones sobre diagnóstico, manejo y estudio de la infección del tracto urinario en pediatría: rama de Nefrología de la Sociedad Chilena de Pediatría. Parte 1 / Recommendations on diagnosis, management and study of the urinary tract infection in pediatrics: nephrology Branch of the Chilean Society of Pediatrics. Part 1

Resumen: La infección del tracto urinario (ITU) es una de las infecciones bacterianas mas frecuentes en la edad pediátrica, pero su diagnóstico y manejo se pueden ver complicados por lo inespecífico de sus sín tomas y signos de presentación, la dificultad en la interpretación de los exámenes, especialmente en niños mas pequeños, y por un pronóstico respecto a daño renal muchas veces incierto. En los últimos años, se ha evidenciado una modificación significativa en el enfoque diagnostico y terapéutico de esta patología, surgiendo la necesidad de actualizar las recomendaciones previas. El propósito de esta re vision es contribuir a reducir la variabilidad de la práctica clínica en el manejo de ITU en la población pediátrica, mejorando la detección y manejo de la patología estructural y otros factores de riesgo de daño renal, evitando acciones innecesarias en aquellos niños con bajo riesgo. En esta primera parte, se presentan las recomendaciones en cuanto a diagnóstico y manejo de la ITU en pediatría. En la segunda parte se detalla su estudio, prevención y seguimiento.

Abstract: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most frequent bacterial infection in pediatrics. However, its diagnosis and management can be complicated due to the nonspecific clinical presentation, the difficulty of exams interpretation, especially in younger children, and an uncertain prognosis regar ding renal damage. In recent years, significant worldwide change has come in treatment, diagnosis, and images studies, we have decided to update the current recommendations on UTI management published by the Pediatric Nephrology branch of Chilean Pediatrics Society in previous years. The purpose of these recommendations is to reduce the variability of clinical practice in management of UTI in our pediatric population, favoring diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in the most ap propriate way, improving detection and management of structural pathology and other risk factors of renal damage, avoiding unnecessary actions in children with low risk. This first part includes diag nosis and treatment recommendations of urinary tract infection in pediatric age. In the second part the study, prevention and monitoring of urinary tract in pediatric age is detailed.

Brazilian consensus on vesicoureteral reflux-recommendations for clinical practice

ABSTRACT Introduction Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) is characterized by a retrograde flow of urine from the bladder into the ureters and kidneys. It is one of the most common urinary tract anomalies and the major cause of urinary tract infection (UTI) in the first years of life. If not properly diagnosed and treated can lead to recurrent UTI, renal scar and, in severe cases, to end stage renal disease. Despite recent advances in scientific and technological knowledge, evaluation and treatment of VUR is still controversial and there is still considerable heterogeneity in evaluation methods and therapeutic approaches. The aim of the present consensus is to give a practical orientation on how to evaluate and treat VUR. Methods The board of Pediatric Urology of the Brazilian Society of Urology joined a group of experts and reviewed all important issues on Vesicoureteral Reflux evaluation and treatment and elaborated a draft of the document. On November 2017 the panel met to review, discuss and write a consensus document. Results and Discussion Vesicoureteral Reflux is a common and challenging problem in children. Children presenting with Vesicoureteral Reflux require careful evaluation and treatment to avoid future urinary tract infections and kidney scars. The panel addressed recommendations on up to date choice of diagnosis evaluation and therapies.

Successful cure of a patient with urosepsis using a combination of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and continuous renal replacement therapy: A case report and literature review / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

Holmium laser lithotripsy (HLL) is one of the common surgical methods for urolithiasis. It causes minor surgical trauma, but complications are not rare. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) treatment of sepsis is common, but venoarterial (VA)-ECMO treatment of urosepsis has not been reported yet. In this article, we reported a 67-year-old female patient with refractory septic shock caused by HLL under percutaneous nephroscope, involving breathing, heart, kidney and other organs, and organs support treatment was ineffective for the patient. Finally, we successfully treated the patient under VA-ECMO with continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Combined ECMO and CRRT may provide a solution for addressing refractory sepsis. Here we present the case and review relevant literature, so as to provide a treatment strategy for patients with refractory urogenic sepsis and to reduce the mortality rate.

Urocultivos en infección clínica de vías urinarias / RESULTS OF URINE CULTURE IN PATIENTS WITH CLINICAL URINARY TRACT INFECTION

Introducción: Las infecciones de vías urinarias (IVU) constituyen un problema de salud mundial. El aumento de la resistencia bacteriana a los antimicrobianos limita la administración de antibióticos económicos y de espectro limitado, lo que afecta el costo y el acceso a la atención. El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar la sensibilidad, resistencia y germen causal en urocultivos realizados en pacientes con infección clínica de vías urinarias. Métodos: Estudio transversal. Se analizaron urocultivos de pacientes con infección clínica de vías urinarias, cada urocultivo correspondió a un paciente. Las variables fueron edad, género, microorganismo causal, resistencia y sensibilidad a los antimicrobianos. Se realizó en la Unidad de Medicina Familiar No. 222 del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social en Toluca Estado de México. Se evaluaron urocultivos con más de 100000 Unidades formadoras de colonias. Se realizó mediciones descriptivas, frecuencias y porcentajes en el programa SPSS v. 17 para Windows. Resultados: se incluyeron urocultivos de pacientes con infección clínica de vías urinarias. La edad promedio de los pacientes fue de 50.09 ± 19.43 años, con predominio del género femenino (211 pacientes). Los agentes causales más frecuentes fueron: Escherichia Coli (51.91%), Proteus mirabilis (14.70%) y Staphylococcus (11.11 %). Los antibióticos con mayor sensibilidad fueron: imipenem, cefotetan y meropenem (34%). Los antimicrobianos con mayor resistencia fueron: ampicilina (24%), ciprofloxacino (22%) y ampicilina con sulbactam (20%). Conclusiones: los microorganismos más frecuentemente fueron: Escherichia coli y Proteus; y los antimicrobianos a los que mostraron más resistencia bacteriana fueron: ampicilina y quinolonas.

Introduction: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a global health problem. Increased bacterial resistance to antimicrobials limits the administration of low-spectrum antibiotics, which affect cost and access to care. The objective of this work is to determine the sensitivity, resistance and causal germ in urine cultures in patients with clinical urinary tract infection Methods: Transversal study. Urine cultures of patients with clinical urinary tract infection were analyzed, each urine culture corresponded to one patient. The variables were age, gender, causal microorganism, resistance and sensitivity to antimicrobials. It was performed at the Family Medicine Unit No. 222 of the Mexican Institute of Social Security in Toluca State of Mexico. Urocultures were evaluated with more than 100,000 colony forming units. Measurements were made frequencies and percentages in the SPSS program version 17 for Windows. Results: there were included 558 urine cultures; the average age was 50.09 ± 19.43 years, female predominance (211 patients). The most common causative microorganisms were Escherichia coli (51.91%), Proteus mirabilis (14.70%) and Staphylococcus (11.11%). Most sensitive antibiotics were: imipenem, meropenem and cefotetan (34%). Most resistance antimicrobial were: ampicillin (24%), ciprofloxacin (22%) and ampicillin with sulbactam (20%). Conclusions: Escherichia coli and Proteus were the most commonly isolated microorganisms; Ampicillin and quinolones showed more bacterial resistence.

Hospitalizations due to primary care-sensitive conditions among children under five years of age: cross-sectional study / Internações por condições sensíveis à atenção primária em crianças menores de cinco anos: estudo transversal

ABSTRACT CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Hospitalizations due to primary care-sensitive conditions constitute an important indicator for monitoring the quality of primary healthcare. This study aimed to describe hospitalizations due to primary care-sensitive conditions found among children under five years of age (according to their age and sex), in two cities in Paraíba, Brazil. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study carried out in the municipalities of Cabedelo and Bayeux, in Paraíba, Brazil. METHODS: Data were collected from four public pediatric hospitals in Paraíba that receive children from these municipalities. Hospital admission authorizations were consulted to gather information on the children's profile and the characteristics of their hospitalizations. Differences in the causes of admissions and the respective lengths of hospital stay length were analyzed according to age group and sex. RESULTS: The proportion of hospital admissions due to primary care-sensitive conditions was 82.4%. The most frequent causes were: bacterial pneumonia (59.38%), infectious gastroenteritis and its complications (23.59%) and kidney and urinary tract infection (9.67%). Boys had higher frequency of hospitalizations due to primary care-sensitive conditions than girls. The median hospitalization due to primary care-sensitive conditions was found to be four days. The duration of hospital stays due to primary care-sensitive conditions was significantly longer than those due to conditions that were not sensitive to primary care. CONCLUSIONS: High rates of hospital admissions due to primary care-sensitive conditions were highlighted, especially among children of male sex, with long periods of hospitalization.

RESUMO CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: As internações por condições sensíveis à atenção primária constituem importante indicador para o monitoramento da qualidade da atenção primária à saúde. O presente estudo objetivou descrever as internações por condições sensíveis à atenção primária em crianças menores de cinco anos (por idade e sexo) em duas cidades da Paraíba. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo transversal realizado nos municípios de Cabedelo e Bayeux, ­Paraíba, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Coletaram-se os dados nos quatro hospitais públicos pediátricos da Paraíba que internam crianças residentes nos municípios estudados. A partir das autorizações de internação hospitalar, colheram-se informações relativas ao perfil da criança e características das internações. Analisaram-se as diferenças nas causas de internações e respectivos tempos de hospitalização segundo faixa etária e sexo. RESULTADOS: A proporção de internação por condição sensível à atenção primária foi de 82,4%. As causas mais frequentes foram: pneumonias bacterianas (59,38%), gastroenterites infecciosas e suas complicações (23,59%) e infecção do rim e trato urinário (9,67%). Meninos apresentaram maior frequência de internações por condições sensíveis à atenção primária do que meninas. Verificou-se mediana de quatro dias de hospitalização para as condições sensíveis à atenção primária. O tempo de hospitalização por condição sensível à atenção primária foi significantemente maior do que o tempo da condição não sensível à atenção primária. CONCLUSÕES: Ressaltam-se altas taxas de internações por condições sensíveis à atenção primária, principalmente em crianças do sexo masculino, com longos períodos de hospitalização.

Is Bladder Training by Clamping Before Removal Necessary for Short-Term Indwelling Urinary Catheter Inpatient? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

PURPOSE: Urinary catheterization is a common technique in clinical practice. There is, however, no consensus on management prior to removal of the indwelling catheter for short-term patients. This systematic review examined the necessity of clamping before removal of an indwelling urinary catheter in short-term patients. METHODS: A systematic literature review was conducted using eight databases and predetermined keywords-guided searches. Some 2,515 studies were evaluated. Ten studies that met the inclusion criteria were selected. RESULTS: The quality of the studies was assessed using the Jadad scoring system. Only 40.0% of studies were rated as high quality. This review found that catheter clamping prior to removal was not necessary for the short-term patient. When made a comparison with the unclamping group, there was no significant difference in recatheterization risk, risk of urine retention, patients' subjective perceptions and rate of urinary tract infection. CONCLUSIONS: This review indicated that bladder training by clamping prior to removal of urinary catheters is not necessary in short-term catheter patients. In addition, clamping carries the risk of complications such as prolonging urinary catheter retention and urinary tract injury. Further investigation requires higher quality methodologies and more diverse study designs.

Infección del Tracto Urinario por Escherichia Coli Resistente a Antibióticos Tratada con Vaccinium Macrocarpon (Arándano Rojo): Reporte de Caso / Urinary tract infection caused by antibioticresistant Escherichia coli treated with Vaccinium macrocarpon (cranberry): a case report

El Vaccinium macrocarpon (arándano rojo) tiene alguna evidencia que puede ayudar a prevenir las infecciones del tracto urinario (ITU); sin embargo, la información es limitada si se trata del uso de este producto en el tratamiento de las ITU. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 42 años de edad con antecedentes de ITU a repetición y con episodio activo, que presenta urocultivo positivo a E. coli resistente a fluoroquinolonas, aminoglucósidos y cefalosporinas de segunda generación. La paciente acepta tomar tratamiento con polvo estandarizado de Vaccinium macrocarpon durante 20 días. Se evidenció resolución del cuadro clínico y adecuada respuesta bacteriológica a dicho suplemento, según controles a los 6, 16, 65 y 93 días postratamiento. Este reporte podría ser el primer paso para ampliar los estudios sobre el uso de productos derivados de Vaccinium macrocarpon para tratamiento de episodios de ITU resistente a antibióticos.

Resistencia bacteriana en infecciones del tracto urinario de origen comunitario / Bacterial resistance in urinary tract infections of community origin

Antecedentes: Las infecciones del tracto urinario (ITU) representan una de las principales causas de morbilidad. Recientemente ha surgido preocupación por la creciente tasa de resistencia en los patógenos causantes, y el origen comunitario de la infección ya no garantiza susceptibilidad antibiótica. Objetivo: Determinar la tasa de los diferentes patrones de resistencia en infecciones de vías urinarias comunitarias, junto a los principales factores de riesgo asociados. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo prospectivo donde se incluyó a todos los pacientes que consultaron a la emergencia de Medicina Interna con síndrome clínico de ITU y en quienes se demostró la etiología infecciosa mediante urocultivo. Se documentaron las comorbilidades y el consumo previo de antibióti-cos y se buscó la significancia estadística de esto sobre el desarrollo de resistencia.Resultados: Se incluyeron 100 sujetos a estudio, 90% de las infecciones se debieron a E coli y K pneu-moniae, se documentó resistencia en 68% de los casos, 41% resistentes a quinolonas, 27% ESBL(+) y 17% a cefalosporinas de 3ra generación. Se encontró que la DM era la comorbilidad más común (46%) y representó un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de resistencia a cefalosporinas (p=0.031) y cepas ESBL(+) (p=0.045). El consumo previo de aminopenicilinas, cefalosporinas y quinolonas condicionó para el desarrollo de diferentes resistencias.Conclusiones: Se encontró relación significativa entre la DM y el desarrollo de resistencia bacteriana, al igual que el uso previo de quinolonas, cefalosporinas y aminopenicilinas. El 68% de las cepas mos-tró alguna resistencia. Hay elevada tasa de resistencia a quinolonas, cefalosporinas y cepas ESBL(+). (AU)

Urinary tract infections (UTI's) represent one of the leading causes of disease worldwide. In recent years, great concern has emerged regarding the growing resistance rate among the different bacteria responsible for these infections, and community acquired infections no longer guarantee antibiotic susceptibility. Objective: To determine the rate of antibiotic resistance patterns in community acquired UTI's, and to identify the associated risk factors.Methods: This was a prospective study performed in the Emergency Room of a Reference Hospital in Guatemala City. Every patient that consulted with urinary symptoms and whose diagnosis was con-firmed by urinary culture was included. The patients were questioned about past medical history and previous antibiotic use. The statistical analysis was done using the IBM SPSS ™ software.Results: One-hundred patients were included. 90% were caused by E coli and K pneumoniae. Any resistance was detected in 68% of the cases, 41% were resistant to fluoroquinolones, 27% had ESBL enzymes, and 17% were found to be resistant to 3rd generation cephalosporines. Diabetes was pre-sent in 46% of the patients and prooved to be an important risk factor for the development of cepha-losporines (p=0.031) and ESBL(+) (p=0.045) resistance. Previous use of fluoroquinolones, cephalos-porines and aminopenicillins determined the development of certain resistance patterns.Conclusion: A statistical significant relationship was found between diabetes and ATB resistance as well as with previos ATB consumption and the latter. 68% showed any resistance. A high resistance pattern to quinolones, cephalosporins ESBL+ was documented.(AU)

The Ochoa urofacial syndrome: recognize the peculiar smile and avoid severe urological and renal complications / Síndrome urofacial de Ochoa: reconheça o sorriso peculiar e evite complicações urológicas e renais graves

Ochoa syndrome is rare and its major clinical problems frequently unrecognized. We describe facial characteristics of six patients to help health professional recognize the inverted smile that these patients present and refer them to proper treatment. Patients’ medical records were reviewed and patients’ urological status clinically reassessed. At last evaluation patients’ mean age was 15.5 years, and age ranged from 12 to 32 years. Mean follow-up was 35 months (12 to 60). Initial symptoms were urinary tract infections in four patients (67%) associated with enuresis and incontinence in three of them (50%). One patient had only urinary tract infection and two lower urinary tract symptoms without infections. Initial treatment consisted of clean intermittent catheterization with anticholinergics for all patients. Four patients (67%) were submitted to bladder augmentation. Two patients had end-stage renal disease during follow-up, one received kidney transplantation and one patient remained on the waiting list for a renal transplantation. Familial consanguinity was present in only one case. This significant condition is rare, but it must be recognized by pediatricians, nephrologists and urologists in order to institute early aggressive urological treatment.

A síndrome de Ochoa é rara, e seus principais problemas clínicos são frequentemente não reconhecidos. Descrevem-se aqui características faciais de seis pacientes para auxiliar profissionais de saúde a reconhecer o sorriso invertido que eles apresentam e encaminhá-los para o tratamento adequado. Os prontuários médicos foram revisados e a condição urológica dos pacientes foi reavaliada clinicamente. A média de idade na última avaliação foi de 15,5 anos, variando de 12 a 32 anos. O seguimento médio foi de 35 meses (12 a 60). Os sintomas iniciais foram infecções do trato urinário em quatro pacientes (67%) associadas com enurese e incontinência urinária em três deles (50%). Um paciente apresentou infecções do trato urinário isoladamente e dois apresentaram sintomas do trato urinário inferior, porém sem infecções. O tratamento inicial consistiu em cateterismo intermitente limpo, com anticolinérgicos em todos os pacientes. Reconstrução urinária foi realizada em quatro pacientes (67%) por meio de ampliação vesical. Dois pacientes apresentaram doença renal em estágio terminal no seguimento, um recebeu transplante renal e outro manteve-se em lista de espera para transplante renal. Consanguinidade familiar esteve presente em apenas um caso. Essa condição significativa é rara, porém deve ser reconhecida por pediatras, nefrologistas e urologistas, a fim de instituir tratamento urológico agressivo precoce.

Infección urinaria por enterobacterias multirresistentes en un centro de trasplante renal / Urinary Tract Infection by Multiresistant Enterobacteriaceae in a Renal Transplant Center

La infección bacteriana del tracto urinario (ITU) es la cau-sa más frecuente de complicación en el paciente trasplantado renal. Nuestros objetivos fueron determinar los patógenos mas frecuentes, su asociación al tiempo transcurrido al primer episodio de ITU, los factores de riesgo predisponentes y la sensibilidad antibiótica de los gérmenes.Materiales y Métodos: se realizó un estudio retrospectivo en el que se siguió por un año a los pacientes trasplantados renales entre noviem-bre de 2006 a febrero de 2012. Se incluyó el primer urocultivo positivo con bacilos gram negativos. Resultados: de 156 pacientes analizados, 63 (40 %) tuvieron al menos un episodio de ITU en el que se caracterizaron los microorganismos responsables. El patógeno más frecuente fue Klebsiella pneumoniae(25/63 episodios, 39 %), seguido por Escherichia coli (23/63, 37 %). Casi la mitad (31/63, 49 %) ocurrieron antes de los 30 días (58 % por K. pneu-moniae), un tercio (18/63, 29 %) entre los 31 y 180 días (39 % por E. coli) y el resto (14/63, 22 %) en el medio año siguiente (64 % de ellas cau-sadas por E. coli). Entre las K. pneumoniae, 22/25 (88 %) resultaron productoras de ß lactamasas de espectro extendido. Como factores de riesgo predisponentes se encontraron sexo femenino, litiasis renal previa y utilización de catéter doble J. Conclusión: este estudio confirma que las ITU son una complicación frecuente en los transplantados renales. La asociación de K. pneumo-niae multirresistentes con las infecciones inmediatas puede ser consi-derada como marcadora de infección intrahospitala-ria, y señala la posibilidad de realizar intervenciones que modifiquen su incidencia

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are the most frequent complication in renal transplant patients. Our aims were to determine the most common pathogens, the association of different enterobacterias with the time of the onset of the infection, the impact of several risk factors and antibiotic susceptibility.Materials and Methods: The patients were monitored for a year after the renal transplant from November 2006 to February 2012. A retrospective analysis was done and the first positive urine culture with gram negative bacilli was included.Results: From a total of 156 patients analyzed, 63 (40%) had at least one experience of UTI in which the responsible microorganisms were characterized. The most common pathogen was Klebsiella pneumoniae (25/63 episodes, 39 %), followed by Escherichia coli (23/63, 37 %). Almost half of the cases (31/63, 49%) occurred within 30 days (58% for K. pneumoniae), one third of them (18/63, 29%) between 31 and 180 days (39% for E. coli) and the remainings (14/ 63, 22%) in the next half year (64% of them caused by E. coli). Most of the K. pneumoniae, (22/25, 88%) were extended spectrum ß lactamases producers. We can mention as predisposing risk factors: female gender, lithiasis and urinary stent presence. Conclusion: This study confirms that UTIs are a frequent complication in renal transplantation. The association of multiresistant K. pneumoniae infections with immediate UTI can be considered as a marker of nosocomial infection, and points out intervention as a possibility to modify this impact

Prevalencia de gérmenes multirresistentes en infecciones del tracto urinario de la comunidad y asociadas a los cuidados de la salud / Prevalence of multidrug resistant pathogens from community and health care associated urinary tract infections

Introducción: las infecciones asociadas a los cuidados de la salud (ACS) han sido identificadas como un factor de riesgo de pa-tógenos resistentes, sin embargo existen escasos datos de ésta cate-goría epidemiológica en infecciones del tracto urinario (ITU). Métodos: estudio prospectivo y observacional de pacientes ≥ 18 años procedentes de la comunidad con ITU atendidos en un Hospital Ge-neral de Agudos (Diciembre 2011-Noviembre 2012). Fueron conside-rados como ITU-ACS aquellos pacientes con hospitalización en los 90 días previos, residencia en geriátricos/centros de rehabilitación, hemodiálisis crónica, infusión de drogas endovenosas/curación de heridas en su domicilio, o uso crónico de catéter urinario. Aquellos pacientes que no presentaban ninguno de estos criterios fueron con-siderados como ITU de la comunidad (CO).Resultados: se incluyeron un total de 87 pacientes, de los cuales 42 (48 %) y 45 (52 %) se consideraron como ITU-CO e ITU-ACS, respectivamente. Los patógenos más frecuentes fueron: E. coli (74 % vs 47 %), K pneumo-niae (12 % vs 20 %), y E. faecalis (5 % vs 7 %) para ITU-CO e ITU-ACS res-pectivamente. Se observó una frecuencia de patógenos multirresisten-tes de 10 % y 49 % (p < 0,01) para la ITU-CO vs. ITU-ACS respectivamente.Conclusiones: nuestro estudio sugiere que las ITU-ACS representarían una categoría de ITU epi-demiológica y microbiológicamente distinta que ITU-CO. Se deberían identificar correctamente a estos pacientes con el fin de proporcionar un tra-tamiento empírico adecuado

ntroduction: Health care­associated infections (HCA) are a risk factor for multidrug resistant pathogens. However, limited data of this epidemiological category for urinary tract infections (UTI) is available. Methods: This was a prospective and observational study of adult patients coming from community who were attended as outpatients or hospitalized for urinary tract infections at a general Hospital (December 2011-November 2012). Patients who had residency at nursing homes, chronic haemodialysis, intravenous drug infusions or wound care at home, prior hospitalization >= 2 days in the preceding 90 days and chronic indwelling urinary catheters were considered to have HCA-UTI. Results: A total of 87 patients were included, of whom 42 (48%) and 45 (52%) were considered to have community acquired UTI (CA-UTI) and HCA-UTI respectively. The most frequent pathogens were: E. coli (74% vs. 47%), K pneumoniae (12% vs. 20%), and E. faecalis (5% vs. 7%) for CA-UTI and HCA-UTI respectively. Prevalence of MDR: 10% and 49% (p<0.01) for CA-UTI and HCA-UTI respectively. Conclusions: Our study suggests that HCA-UTI should represent a category of UTI epidemiologically and microbiologically distinct from CA-UTI. Physicians should correctly identify these patients in order to provide optimal clinical management